Publications
2025
Bertram D, Chilla T & Schirpke U (2025) Interface areas in the European Alps. Mountain Research and Development 45 (2).
Ebner M & Schirpke U (2025) Participatory mapping of human–nature interactions in mountain landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 263.
Ebner M, Tappeiner U & Schirpke U (2025) From Valleys to Peaks: Characterizing Mountain Soundscapes in the Northern European Limestone Alps. Landscape Ecology 40 (91).
Eisenschink PM, Obermeier WA, Zerres VHD, Suerbaum AM & Lehnert LW (2025) Forest variables from LiDAR: Drone flight parameters impact the detection of tree stems and diameter estimates.Ecological Informatics 88.
Gerberding K & Schirpke U (2025) Mapping the forest fire hazard across the European Alps. Journal of Environmental Management 377.
Schirpke U & Ebner M (2025) Mapping spatio-temporal patterns of soundscapes in a mountain landscape. Applied Geography 183.
Tasser E, Kuhlmann K, Mwanza MW, Schermer M, Tappeiner U, Tembo G, Zoderer BM & Schirpke U (2025) A comparative analysis of ecosystem services perceptions across two regions in Eastern Africa and Central Europe. Ecosystem Services 74.
Wan K, Gampe D & Hajat S (2025) Disentangling the contributions of anthropogenic climate change to heat-related mortality in Great Britain. The Lancet Planetary Health 9 (4).
Zantout K, Balkovic J, Billing M, Folberth C, Gosling SN, Hank T, Hantson S, Iizumi T, Ito A, Jägermeyr J, Jain AK, Khabarov N, Kou-Giesbrecht S, Li F, Li M, Lin T-S, Liu W, Müller C, Okada M, Ostberg S, Otta K, Rabin S, Reyer CPO, Scheer C, Schneider JM, Zabel F, Frieler K & Schewe J (2025) Shifting dominant periods in extreme climate impacts under global warming. Nature Communications 16.
2024
Bao H, Zerres VHD & Lehnert LW (2024) Deep Siamese network for annual change detection in Beijing using Landsat satellite data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 130.
Gaglio M, Lanzoni M, Muresan AN, Schirpke U & Castaldelli G (2024) Quantifying intangible values of wetlands as instrument for conservation in the Po Delta Park. Journal of Environmental Management 360.
Ji S, Dashpurev B, Phan TN, Dorj M, Jäschke Y & Lehnert LW (2024)Above-ground biomass retrieval with multi-source data: Prediction and applicability analysis in Eastern Mongolia. Land Degradation and Development.
Miller J, Böhnisch A, Ludwig R & Brunner MI (2024) Climate change and impacts on regional fire weather in heterogeneous landscapes of central Europe. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 24.
Müller C, Jägermeyr J, Franke JA, Ruane AC, Balkovic J, Ciais P, Falloon P, Folberth C, Francois L, Hank T, Hoffmann N, Izaurralde C, Khabarov N, Liu W, Olin S, Pugh TAM, Wang X, Williams K, Zabel F & Elliott JW (2024) Substantial differences in modeled crop yield sensitivities between models. Earth’s Future 12.
Probst E, Fader M & Mauser W (2024) The water–energy–food–ecosystem nexus in the Danube River Basin. Science of the Total Environment 914.
Schirpke U, Ebner M & Tappeiner U (2024) Effects of climate-related environmental changes on non-material benefits from human–nature interactions. Ecosystem Services 69.
Schirpke U & Tasser E (2024) Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystem services in Austria. Ecosystem Services 68.
Tasser E, Leitinger G, Tappeiner U & Schirpke U (2024) Shaping the European Alps. Catena 235.
2023
Böhnisch A, Felsche E & Ludwig R (2023) European heatwave tracks: Using causal discovery to detect recurring pathways in a single-regional climate model large ensemble. Environmental Research Letters 18.
Cetin K & Mauser W (2023) The role of recent climate change in explaining the statistical yield increase of maize in Northern Bavaria: A model study. Agriculture 13 (7).
Cherif E, Feilhauer H, Berger K, Daoi PD, Ewald M, Hank TB, Kovachi KR, Townsend PA, Wang Z & Kattenborn T (2023) From spectra to plant functional traits. Remote Sensing of Environment 292.
Dashpurev B, Dorj M, Phan TN, Bendix J & Lehnert L (2023) Estimating fractional vegetation cover and aboveground biomass for land degradation assessment in eastern Mongolia steppe: Combining ground vegetation data and remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing.
Felsche E, Böhnisch A & Ludwig R (2023) Inter-seasonal connection of typical European heatwave patterns to soil moisture. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science.
Hufnagl L, Eichinger R, Garny H, Birner T, Kuchar A, Jöckel P & Graf P (2023) Stratospheric ozone changes damp the CO₂-induced acceleration of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. Journal of Climate.
Jörges C, Berkenbrink C, Gottschalk H & Stumpe B (2023) Spatial ocean wave height prediction with CNN mixed-data deep neural networks using random field simulated bathymetry. Ocean Engineering.
Jörges C, Vidal HS, Hank T & Bach H (2023) Detection of solar photovoltaic power plants using satellite and airborne hyperspectral imaging. Remote Sensing 15 (13).
Pohl MJ, Lehnert LW, Thies B, Seeger K, Berdugo MB, Gradstein SR, Bader MY & Bendix J (2023) Valleys are a potential refuge for the Amazon lowland forest in the face of increased risk of drought. Communications Earth & Environment.
Probst E & Mauser W (2023) Climate change impacts on water resources in the Danube River Basin. Water 15 (1).
Ramsauer T & Marzahn P (2023) Global soil moisture estimation based on GPM IMERG data using a site-specific adjusted antecedent precipitation index. International Journal of Remote Sensing.
Schirpke U, Ghermandi A, Sinclair M, Van Berkel D, Fox N, Vargas L & Willemen L (2023) Emerging technologies for assessing ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services 63.
Schirpke U, Mölk F, Feilhauer E, Tappeiner U & Tappeiner G (2023) How suitable are discrete choice experiments based on landscape indicators for estimating landscape preferences? Landscape and Urban Planning 237.
Schirpke U, Tasser E, Borsky S, Braun M, Eitzinger J, Gaube V, Getzner M, Glatzel S, Gschwantner T, Kirchner M, Leitinger G, Mehdi-Schulz B, Mitter H, Scheifinger H, Thaler S, Thom D & Thaler T (2023) Past and future impacts of land-use changes on ecosystem services in Austria. Journal of Environmental Management 345.
Stumpe B, Bechtel B, Heil J, Jörges C, Jostmeier A, Kalks F, Schwarz K & Marschner B (2023) Soil texture mediates the surface cooling effect of urban and periurban green spaces during a drought period in the city area of Hamburg (Germany). Science of the Total Environment.
Tasser E, Lavdas AA & Schirpke U (2023) Assessing landscape aesthetic values: Do clouds influence preferences? PLOS ONE 18.
Verrelst J, Halabuk A, Atzberger C, Hank T, Steinhauser S & Berger K (2023) A comprehensive survey on quantifying non-photosynthetic vegetation cover and biomass from imaging spectroscopy. Ecological Indicators 155.
Wefers WM, Lehnert LW, Schmidt D, Reuter M, Buchwitz M, Kammann C, Velten K, Hase F, Notholt J, Kubistin D, Mueller-Williams J & Lindauer M (2023) Approximation of multi-year time series of XCO₂ concentrations using satellite observations and statistical interpolation methods. Atmospheric Research.
2022
Ebner M, Schirpke U & Tappeiner U (2022) Combining multiple socio-cultural approaches – deeper insights into cultural ecosystem services of mountain lakes. Landscape and Urban Planning 228.
Schneider JM, Zabel F, Schünemann F, Delzeit R & Mauser W (2022) Global cropland could be almost halved: Assessment of land saving potentials under different strategies and implications for agricultural markets. PLOS ONE.
Probst E & Mauser W (2022) Evaluation of ERA5 and WFDE5 forcing data for hydrological modelling and the impact of bias correction with regional climatologies: A case study in the Danube River Basin. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 40.
Maurischat P, Lehnert L, Zerres VHD, Tran TV, Kalbitz K, Rinnan Å, Li XG, Dorji T & Guggenberger G (2022) The glacial–terrestrial–fluvial pathway: A multiparametrical analysis of spatiotemporal dissolved organic matter variation in three catchments of Lake Nam Co, Tibetan Plateau. Science of the Total Environment.
Phan T-N, Dashpurev B, Wiemer F & Lehnert LW (2022) A simple, fast, and accurate method for land cover mapping in Mongolia. Geocarto International.
Mittermeier M, Weigert M, Rügamer D, Küchenhoff H & Ludwig R (2022) A deep learning based classification of atmospheric circulation types over Europe: Projection of future changes in a CMIP6 large ensemble. Environmental Research Letters.
Nowak-Olejnik A, Schirpke U & Tappeiner U (2022) A systematic review on subjective well-being benefits associated with cultural ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services 57.
Berger K, Machwitz M, Kycko M, Kefauver SC, Van Wittenberghe S, Gerhards M, Verrelst J, Atzberger C, Van der Tol C, Damm A, Rascher U, Herrmann I, Sobejano Paz V, Fahrner S, Pieruschka R, Prikaziuk E, Buchaillot L, Halabuk A, Celesti M, Koren G, Tunc Gormus E, Rossini M, Foerster M, Siegmann B, Abdelbaki A, Tagliabue G, Hank T, Darvishzadeh R, Aasen H, Garcia M, Pôças I, Bandopadhyay S, Sulis M, Tomelleri E, Rozenstein O, Filchev L, Stancile G & Schlerf M (2022) Multi-sensor spectral synergies for crop stress detection and monitoring in the optical domain: A review. Remote Sensing of Environment 280.
Wocher M, Berger K, Verrelst J & Hank T (2022) Retrieval of carbon content and biomass from hyperspectral imagery over cultivated areas. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 193.
Schneider JM, Zabel F & Mauser W (2022) Global inventory of suitable, cultivable and available cropland under different scenarios and policies. Scientific Data.
Schirpke U & Ebner M (2022) Exposure to global change pressures and potential impacts on ecosystem services of mountain lakes in the European Alps. Journal of Environmental Management 318.
Schirpke U, Scolozzi R & Tappeiner U (2022) Not too small to benefit society: Insights into perceived cultural ecosystem services of mountain lakes in the European Alps. Ecology and Society 27 (1).
Schirpke U, Tasser E & Lavdas A (2022) Potential of eye-tracking simulation software for analyzing landscape preferences. PLOS ONE 17 (10).
Jung P, Lehnert LW, Bendix J, Lentendu G, Grube M, Alfaro FD, del Rio C, Gutiérrez Alvarado JL, van den Brink L & Lakatos M (2022) The grit crust: A poly-extremotolerant microbial community from the Atacama Desert as a model for astrobiology. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences.
Chabrillat S, Guanter L, Kaufmann H, Foerster S, Beamish A, Brosinsky A, Wulf H, Asadzadeh S, Bochow M, Bohn N, Boesche N, Bracher A, Brell M, Buddenbaum H, Cerra D, Fischer S, Hank T, Heiden U, Heim B, Heldens W, Hill J, Hollstein A, Hostert P, Krasemann H, Laporta L, Leitão PJ, Van der Linden S, Mauser W, Milewski R, Mottus M, Okujeni A, Oppelt N, Pinnel N, Roessner S, Röttgers R, Schneiderhan T, Schickling A, Soppa M, Staenz K & Segl K (2022) EnMAP science plan. EnMAP Technical Report.
Hajat S, Gampe D, Sarsour A & Abuzerr S (2022) Climate change and diarrhoeal disease burdens in the Gaza Strip, Palestine: Health impacts of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming scenarios. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (8).
Heil J, Jörges C & Stumpe B (2022) Fine-scale mapping of soil organic matter in agricultural soils using UAVs and machine learning. Remote Sensing.
Heil J, Jörges C & Stumpe B (2022) Evaluation of using digital photography as a cost-effective tool for the rapid assessment of soil organic carbon at a regional scale. Soil Security.
2021
Berger K, Hank T, Halabuk A, Rivera Caicedo JP, Wocher M, Mojses M, Gerhatova K, Tagliabue G, Dolz MM, Pascual Venteo AB & Verrelst J (2021) Assessing non-photosynthetic cropland biomass from spaceborne hyperspectral imagery. Remote Sensing 13.
Berger K, Rivera Caicedo JP, Martino L, Wocher M, Hank T & Verrelst J (2021) A survey of active learning for quantifying vegetation traits from Earth observation data. Remote Sensing 13.
Böhnisch A, Mittermeier M, Leduc M & Ludwig R (2021) Hot spots and climate trends of meteorological droughts in Europe: Assessing the percent of normal index in a single-model initial-condition large ensemble. Frontiers in Water.
Böhnisch A, Mittermeier M, Leduc M & Ludwig R (2021) Hot spots and climate trends of meteorological droughts in Europe–assessing the percent of normal index in a single-model initial-condition large ensemble. Frontiers in Water.
Brunner MI, Swain DL, Wood RR, Willkofer F, Done JM, Gilleland E & Ludwig R (2021) An extremeness threshold determines the regional response of floods to changes in rainfall extremes. Communications Earth & Environment 2.
Danner M, Wocher M, Berger K, Mauser W & Hank T (2021) Efficient training of machine learning regression algorithms to quantify biophysical and biochemical traits of agricultural crops. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 173.
Dashpurev B, Wesche K, Jäschke Y, Oyundelger K, Phan TN, Bendix J & Lehnert LW (2021) A cost-effective method to monitor vegetation changes in steppe ecosystems: A case study on remote sensing of fire and infrastructure effects in eastern Mongolia. Ecological Indicators.
Nieberding F, Wille C, Ma Y, Wang Y, Maurischat P, Lehnert L & Sachs T (2021) Winter daytime warming and shift in summer monsoon increase plant cover and net CO₂ uptake in a central Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences.
Franke J, Mueller C, Elliott J, Ruane A, Jaegermeyr J, Balkovic J, Ciais P, Dury M, Folberth C, Francois L, Hank T, Hoffmann M, Izaurralde C, Jacquemin I, Jones C, Khabarov N, Koch M, Li M, Liu W, Olin S, Phillips M, Pugh TAM, Reddy A, Wang X, Williams K, Zabel F & Moyer E (2021) Agricultural breadbaskets may shift poleward given adaptive farmer behavior under climate change. Global Change Biology.
Gampe D, Zscheischler J, Reichstein M, O’Sullivan M, Smith WK, Sitch S & Buermann W (2021) Increasing impact of warm droughts on northern ecosystem productivity over recent decades. Nature Climate Change 11.
Jaegermeyr J, Müller C, Ruane A, Elliott J, Balkovic J, Castillo O, Faye B, Foster I, Folberth C, Franke J, Fuchs K, Guarin J, Heinke J, Hoogenboom G, Iizumi T, Jain A, Kelly D, Khabarov N, Lange S, Lin T-S, Liu W, Mialyk O, Minoli S, Moyer E, Okada M, Phillips M, Porter C, Rabin S, Scheer C, Schneider JM, Schyns J, Skalský R, Smerald A, Stella T, Stephens H, Webber H, Zabel F & Rosenzweig C (2021) Climate change signal in global agriculture emerges earlier in new generation of climate and crop models. Nature Food.
Jörges C, Berkenbrink C & Stumpe B (2021) Prediction and reconstruction of ocean wave heights based on bathymetric data using LSTM neural networks. Ocean Engineering.
Jörges C, Berkenbrink C, Heil J & Stumpe B (2021) Quantification of morphodynamic variability and sea state damping of plates at the nearshore area in the East Frisian North Sea. Coastal Engineering.
Mittermeier M, Bresson E, Paquin D & Ludwig R (2021) A deep learning approach for the identification of long-duration mixed precipitation in Montréal (Canada). Atmosphere-Ocean.
Müller C, Franke J, Jägermeyr J, Ruane AC, Elliott J, Moyer E, Heinke J, Falloon P, Folberth C, Francois L, Hank T, Izaurralde RC, Jacquemin I, Liu W, Olin S, Pugh TAM, Williams K & Zabel F (2021) Exploring uncertainties of the full range of climate scenarios from CMIP5 and CMIP6 for global crop yields. Environmental Research Letters 16.
Pohl MJ, Lehnert L, Bader MY, Gradstein SR, Viehweger J & Bendix J (2021) A new fog and low stratus retrieval for tropical South America reveals widespread fog in lowland forests. Remote Sensing of Environment.
Ramsauer T, Weiß T, Löw A & Marzahn P (2021) RADOLAN_API: An hourly soil moisture data set based on weather radar, soil properties and reanalysis temperature data. Remote Sensing.
Schillaci C, Perego A, Valkama E, Märker M, Saia S, Veronesi F, Pani A, Lombardo L, Tadiello T, Gamper H, Tedone L, Moss C, Pareja-Serrano E, Amato G, Kühl K, Dămătîrcă C, Cogato A, Mzid N, Eeswaran R, Rabelo M, Sperandio G, Bosino A, Bufalini M, Tunçay T, Ding J, Fiorentini M, Tiscornia G, Conradt S, Botta M & Acutis M (2021) New pedotransfer approaches to predict soil bulk density using WoSIS soil data and environmental covariates in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment 780.
Schirpke U, Ebner M, Pritsch H, Fontana V & Kurmayer R (2021) Quantifying ecosystem services of high mountain lakes across different socio-ecological contexts. Sustainability 13.
Schirpke U, Scolozzi R, Kiessling A & Tappeiner U (2021) Recreational ecosystem services of mountain lakes in the European Alps: Preferences, visitor groups and management implications. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 35.
Schirpke U, Tasser E, Ebner M & Tappeiner U (2021) What can geotagged photographs tell us on cultural ecosystem services of lakes? Ecosystem Services 51.
Schirpke U, Zoderer BM, Tappeiner U & Tasser E (2021) Effects of past landscape changes on aesthetic landscape values in the European Alps. Landscape and Urban Planning 212.
Verrelst J, Rivera Caicedo JP, Reyes P, Morata M, Amin E, Tagliabue G, Panigada C, Hank T & Berger K (2021) Mapping landscape canopy nitrogen content from space using PRISMA data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 178.
Wood RR, Lehner F, Pendergrass AG & Schlunegger S (2021) Changes in precipitation variability across time scales in multiple global climate model large ensembles. Environmental Research Letters 16.
Zabel F, Müller C, Elliott J, Minoli S, Jägermeyr J, Schneider JM, Franke JA, Moyer E, Folberth C, Marie Dury M, Francois L, Liu W, Pugh TAM, Olin S, Rabin SS, Mauser W, Hank T & Ruane AC (2021) Large potential for crop production adaptation depends on available future varieties. Global Change Biology.
2020
Berger K, Verrelst J, Féret J-B, Wang Z, Wocher M, Strathmann M, Danner M, Mauser W & Hank T (2020) Crop nitrogen monitoring: Recent progress and principal developments in the context of imaging spectroscopy missions. Remote Sensing of Environment 242.
Berger K, Verrelst J, Féret J-B, Hank T, Wocher M, Mauser W & Camps-Valls G (2020) Retrieval of aboveground crop nitrogen content with a hybrid machine learning method. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 92.
Böhnisch A, Ludwig R & Leduc M (2020) Using a nested single-model large ensemble to assess the internal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation and its climatic implications for central Europe. Earth System Dynamics.
Campos-Vargas C, Sánchez-Azofeifa A, Laakso K & Marzahn P (2020) Unmanned aerial system and machine learning techniques help to detect dead woody components at a tropical dry forest. Forests 11.
Dashpurev B, Bendix J & Lehnert L (2020) Monitoring oil exploitation infrastructure and dirt roads with object-based image analysis and random forest in the eastern Mongolian steppe. Remote Sensing.
Jörges C & Hoogen A (2020) Digitales Kartieren mit GIS. Geographie heute 350.
Leandro J, Chen K-F, Wood RR & Ludwig R (2020) A scalable flood-resilience-index for measuring climate change adaptation: Munich city. Water Research 173.
Lehnert L, Thies B & Bendix J (2020) A new high spatial resolution low stratus and fog retrieval for the Atacama Desert. Remote Sensing of Environment.
Marzahn P & Meyer S (2020) Utilization of multi-dimensional microwave remote sensing data within a hybrid geostatistical regionalization approach for the derivation of soil physical properties. Remote Sensing.
Marzahn P, Flade L & Sanchez-Azofeifa A (2020) Spatial estimation of the latent heat flux in a tropical dry forest by using unmanned aerial vehicles. Forests.
Meier J, Mauser W, Hank T & Bach H (2020) Assessments on the impact of high-resolution-sensor pixel sizes for common agricultural policy and smart farming services in European regions. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 169.
Peng J, Albergel C, Balenzano A, Brocca L, Cartus O, Cosh MH, Crow WT, Dabrowska-Zielinska K, Dadson S, Davidson MWJ, de Rosnay P, Dorigo W, Gruber A, Hagemann S, Hirschi M, Kerr YH, Lovergine F, Mahecha MD, Marzahn P, Mattia F, Musial JP, Preuschmann S, Reichle RH, Satalino G, Silgram M, van Bodegom PM, Verhoest NEC, Wagner W, Walker P & Loew A (2020) A roadmap for high-resolution satellite soil moisture applications: Confronting product characteristics with user requirements. Remote Sensing of Environment.
Phan TN, Kuch V & Lehnert L (2020) Land cover classification using Google Earth Engine and random forest classifier: The role of image composition. Remote Sensing.
Poschlod B, Zscheischler J, Sillmann J, Wood RR & Ludwig R (2020) Climate change effects on hydrometeorological compound events over southern Norway. Weather and Climate Extremes 28.
Putzenlechner B, Marzahn P & Sanchez-Azofeifa A (2020) Accuracy assessment on the number of flux terms needed to estimate in situ fAPAR. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
Reimuth A, Locherer V, Danner M & Mauser W (2020) How does the rate of photovoltaic installations and coupled batteries affect regional energy balancing and self-consumption of residential buildings? Energies 13.
Reimuth A, Locherer V, Danner M & Mauser W (2020) How do changes in climate and consumption loads affect residential PV coupled battery energy systems? Energy 198.
Schirpke U, Leitinger G, Tasser E, Rüdisser J, Fontana V & Tappeiner U (2020) Functional spatial units are fundamental for modelling ecosystem services in mountain regions. Applied Geography 118.
Schirpke U, Scolozzi R, Dean G, Haller A, Jäger H, Kister J, Kovács B, Sarmiento FO, Sattler B & Schleyer C (2020) Cultural ecosystem services in mountain regions: Conceptualising conflicts among users and limitations of use. Ecosystem Services 46.
Schirpke U, Tscholl S & Tasser E (2020) Spatio-temporal changes in ecosystem service values: Effects of land-use changes from past to future (1860–2100). Journal of Environmental Management 272.
Wang L, Marzahn P, Bernier M & Ludwig R (2020) Sentinel-1 InSAR measurements of deformation over discontinuous permafrost terrain, Northern Quebec, Canada. Remote Sensing of Environment 248.
Wang Y, Leng P, Peng J, Marzahn P & Ludwig R (2020) Global assessments of two blended microwave soil moisture products CCI and SMOPS with in-situ measurements and reanalysis data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
Weiß T, Ramsauer T, Loew A & Marzahn P (2020) Evaluation of different radiative transfer models for microwave backscatter estimation of wheat fields. Remote Sensing.
Willkofer F, Wood RR, von Trentini F, Weissmüller J, Poschlod B & Ludwig R (2020) A holistic modelling approach for the estimation of return levels of peak flows in Bavaria. Water 12.
Wocher M, Berger K, Danner M, Mauser W & Hank T (2020) RTM-based dynamic absorption integrals for the retrieval of biochemical vegetation traits. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 93.
Wood RR & Ludwig R (2020) Analyzing internal variability and forced response of subdaily and daily extreme precipitation over Europe. Geophysical Research Letters 47.